摘錄自2019年8月14日自由時報柬埔寨報導
台北醫學大學飛洋服務團、實踐大學建築設計系師生等前往柬埔寨進行公益，發現馬德望偏鄉水源衛生問題嚴重，兩個團隊去年便與當地Dontri小學合作，建置健康中心與水塔過濾系統，讓水龍頭打開就可生飲，今年暑假再度與另一間Poupir小學攜手，花3000元美金（約9萬多元新台幣）建造更大規模的水塔與供水系統，改善用水、飲水情況。
Poupir小學的校長Mon Vanna說，早期沒有水塔，小朋喝水都要從家裡帶來，上課時也常舉手說「老師我要出去喝水」，洗手間也無水，需每天派值日生到校旁的蓮花池打水，如今建好過濾水塔，可直接裝水生飲，看見孩子喝的水比以前乾淨、也減少課堂中斷問題，感到非常開心。
實踐建築設計系副教授陳國洲表示，設計學院自2012年便開始柬埔寨的義築計畫，共出隊六次，已在暹粒新建八間教室、三間多用途空間、兩間廁所、一棟民宅及修築三棟民宅等，去年首度與北醫大合作，完成飲用水過濾及廁所供水系統。
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環境資訊中心外電；姜唯 翻譯；林大利 審校；稿源：ENS
覆蓋以色列境內一半陸地的內蓋夫沙漠極度乾燥，部分地區每年的降水量不到3英寸，稱為超乾燥（hyper-arid）。不過其實直到現今，內蓋夫沙漠下方仍有含水層。
了解這個含水層的來源、儲量以及正在發生的變化，對於保護和分配關鍵資源至關重要。
以色列內蓋夫本古里安大學（Ben-Gurion University of the Negev）研究人員與美國能源部與芝加哥大學阿貢國家實驗室（Argonne National Laboratory）合作，深入研究藏在內蓋夫沙漠和以色列大部分國土下的努比亞砂岩含水層系統。
內蓋夫沙漠的拉蒙坑景觀。 攝（CC BY 2.0）
結合阿貢實驗室無線輻射測年技術與水成分同位素指紋分析，研究人員不僅可分辨出水沉積的時間，還知道它來自何處以及近40萬年前水層產生時的氣候條件，也是科學家首次利用地下水描繪出古老的水文氣候。
7月29日刊登了一篇介紹該研究的文章〈〉。
「內蓋夫沙漠下面的含水層今日並沒有在補充水份，因此很明顯地，該地區過去曾有過多雨的時期，」阿貢實驗室放射性同位素分析中心（TRACER）首席物理學家穆勒（Peter Mueller）說。
為了確定這個含水層的補水時期和機制，研究團隊從當地的20多口井中收集水，分離出氪氣，並使用阿貢實驗室為核子物理測量發展出的「Atom Trap Trace Analysis」（ATTA）的分析方法進行分析。
ATTA測量水中微量的稀有氪（Kr）同位素81Kr，可以測定4萬年前到150萬年前的水，這遠超出了放射性碳年代測定的範圍，放射性碳測年超過4萬年便不準確。
ATTA分析顯示，井中的水來自兩次主要的補水事件，分別發生在4萬年前和近36萬年前。兩個時期剛好都是較涼爽的氣候。這些「區域潮濕時期」為當時暴風雨的發展提供足夠的水量，補充了內蓋夫含水層。
雖然81Kr很適合確認時間，但分布資料出乎意料地複雜費解。它顯示出氪與氘之間有有趣的共變。氘是一種氫同位素，比一般水中的氫更重。
「我們正在尋找δD（氘，音同刀），即氘與一般氫的比值，」TRACER中心博士後研究扎帕拉（Jake Zappala）說。「這個數值在不同的水體之間，會因水的來源和天氣狀況不同會有所差異。」
因為氘的質量比氫大，所以有不同的特性，蒸發和凝固點都不同。
例如，當蒸發快速發生時，如地中海上空，氘呈現出獨特的特徵，與全球降水趨勢有所不同。儘管和氫相比，氘非常罕見，10,000個水分子中只有一個含有一個氘原子而不是氫，卻可以非常精確地測量。
因此，科學家們可以根據其穩定同位素的特徵分別不同水體，就像水體的「指紋」。研究人員解釋，每種氣候模式都有自己的印記。
芝加哥大學地球物理科學系研究副教授、研究第一作者Reika Yokochi說：「這個研究顯示這些工具深具潛力，比過去更能追踪水的運動。」
根據資料的共變和空間分布，研究團隊確定來自兩次補水事件的水來源不同。
大約40萬年前，該地區比現在更涼爽，水分是以熱帶羽流的形式從大西洋傳來。
前一次的回補在不到4萬年前，可能是最近一次重大冰川事件，又稱末次冰期期間，地中海颶風所導致。
Yokochi指出，另一個值得注意的地方是，含水層的水來自地震斷層帶附近，這顯示斷層可以作為一堵「牆」，保存數十萬年來相對較新的水份。
她說，「世界各地其他斷層帶也可能存在類似的水層。」
Krypton Reveals Ancient Aquifer Under the Negev Desert BEERSHEBA, Israel, August 5, 2019 (ENS)
The Negev Desert, which covers half of Israel’s landmass, is so dry that parts of it get less than three inches of water a year; so dry it is called hyperarid. Yet today, there is still water in an aquifer beneath the Negev Desert.
Understanding where it came from, how much is there, and what’s happening to it is critical to the security and allocation of that crucial resource.
Researchers at Israel’s Ben-Gurion University of the Negev are collaborating with colleagues at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Argonne National Laboratory in Chicago and the University of Chicago to better understand the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, which lies beneath a large portion of the Negev desert and other parts of Israel.
By combining Argonne’s pioneering radiokrypton dating technique with other isotopic fingerprints of the water’s composition, the researchers are not only able to tell when that water was deposited, but where it came from and the climate conditions that produced it nearly 400,000 years ago.
The result marks the first time that scientists have been able to use groundwater to build a picture of ancient hydro-climates dating back that far.
An article describing the research, “Radiokrypton unveils dual moisture sources of a deep desert aquifer,” was published July 29, in “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences” online.
“The aquifers beneath the Negev don’t get replenished today, so apparently there were times when there was much more rain in the region that collected underground,” says Peter Mueller, principal physicist at Argonne’s Trace Radioisotope Analysis Center (TRACER).
To determine when and how that might have occurred, the team collected water from more than 20 wells in the area, then separated out the krypton gas and analyzed it using a technology called Atom Trap Trace Analysis, ATTA, a technique first developed at Argonne to support nuclear physics measurements.
ATTA measures water for traces of the rare krypton (Kr) isotope 81Kr, which can date water within a range of 40,000 to 1.5 million years old. This extends it well beyond the range of radiocarbon dating, which cannot reach accurately beyond about 40,000 years.
The ATTA analysis suggested that the water in the wells accumulated by means of two major “recharging” events that occurred less than 40,000 and near 360,000 years ago. Both periods coincided with generally cooler climates. These “regional humid periods” were ripe for the development of storms that could provide rainfall adequate to replenish the Negev aquifers.
While the 81Kr usually provides an excellent window into the time frame, the distribution data was unexpectedly complex and puzzling. But it showed interesting covariation with deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen heavier than that found in “regular” water.
“We were looking for the delta deuterium, which is a measure of the difference in the ratio of heavy hydrogen to regular hydrogen,” says Jake Zappala, postdoctoral appointee at the TRACER Center. “That number is going to vary for different bodies of water depending on where the water came from and what the weather conditions were, which is important.”
Because deuterium has a heavier mass than hydrogen, it behaves differently, evaporating and condensing at different temperatures.
For example, when evaporation happens quickly, as over the Mediterranean Sea, it exhibits a peculiar signature compared to global precipitation trends. Even though it is very rare relative to hydrogen — only one in 10,000 water molecules contains one deuterium atom instead of hydrogen — it can be measured very precisely.
Thus scientists can “fingerprint” such bodies of water based on the particular signature of its stable isotopes. Every climate pattern places its own imprint in that signature, the researchers explained.
“This project shows us these tools could be really transformative, tracing water movement much further than we’ve previously been able to,” said Reika Yokochi, research associate professor in the Department of Geophysical Sciences at the University of Chicago, and first author of the new study.
From the covariation and the spatial distribution of the data, the team determined that water from the two recharge events came from two distinct sources.
About 400,000 years ago, the region was cooler than the present, and moisture is believed to have been delivered from the Atlantic Ocean in the form of tropical plumes.
The more recent recharge, less than 40,000 years ago, may have been the result of Mediterranean cyclones during the most recent major glacial event, or Last Glacial Maximum.
Another interesting point is that the water came from near an earthquake fault zone, notes Yokochi, suggesting that faults can serve as a “wall” that preserves relatively fresh water over hundreds of thousands of years.
She says, “It’s possible that similar water repositories may exist along other fault zones all over the world.”
※ 全文及圖片詳見：
如果有一件事是重要的，如果能為孩子實現一個願望，那就是人類與大自然和諧共存。
於特有生物研究保育中心服務，小鳥和棲地是主要的研究對象。是龜毛的讀者，認為龜毛是探索世界的美德。
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※迴轉式空壓機性能介紹 !
環境資訊中心外電；姜唯 翻譯；林大利 審校；稿源：ENS
第18次「瀕危野生動植物種國際貿易公約」（華盛頓公約，CITES）會議，簡稱COP18，將於8月17日至28日在瑞士日內瓦舉行。138個締約國家將透過決定和決議，在三年一度的會議上擴大和加強全球野生動植物貿易制度。
各國政府共交出，以更新野生動植物國際貿易的保護層級。
整體而言，這56項新提案可能會影響約550種物種，包括非洲象、長頸鹿、許多種蜥蜴、壁虎和蠑螈、陸龜、鯊魚、海參、馬達加斯加猴麵包樹和北印度紅木樹。
其中許多提案目的是納入CITES附錄II 清單、取得貿易許可，確保風險物種貿易的永續性。有些提案欲將瀕危物種標本列入附錄I ，禁止所有商業貿易。也有一些提案提供證據證明族群已經穩定或擴大，可以安全地從附錄I 轉移到附錄II 。
CITES新任秘書長、巴拿馬環境經濟學家易圭羅（Ivonne Higuero）說：「CITES制定野生動植物國際貿易規則，是透過預防和扭轉野生動物族群量下降來確保永續性、因應生物多樣性快速流失（通常稱為第六次大滅絕）的有力工具。」
「今年的會議的重點是加強現有規則和標準，同時將更多受人類活動威脅的植物和動物納入CITES制度。」
非洲和亞洲的大型貓科動物面臨各種存續壓力，包括盜獵和非法貿易。COP18代表將討論是否建立CITES大貓特別工作小組，以加強保護亞洲大貓的行動。會議上還有關於非洲的獵豹、獅子以及南美洲的美洲豹的議程。
納米比亞的長頸鹿。 拍攝（CC BY-ND 2.0）
由於棲息地流失和其他壓力，長頸鹿的數量在過去幾十年間急劇下降。中非共和國、查德、肯亞、馬利、尼日和塞內加爾建議將長頸鹿作列入附錄II，以預防該物種持續衰退。
多年來，白犀牛角盜獵持續嚴重。儘管史瓦帝尼（以前稱為史瓦濟蘭）的南方白犀牛（Ceratotherium simum simum）已列在附錄II，但有一條註釋禁止犀牛角的國際貿易。史瓦帝尼建議刪除這個註釋，以便出售330公斤的現有犀牛角庫存，接著每年出售20公斤的非致命性採集的犀牛角。
納米比亞建議將南方白犀牛從附錄I 轉移到II ，註釋限出售活體動物和狩獵戰利品，所有其他標本保留在附錄I 。
COP18將再次討論部分關於非洲象的提案。幾十年的象牙盜獵使族群量大減，非洲象於1989年從CITES附錄II轉移到附錄I 。1997年和2000年，CITES發現部分非洲南部的象群健康且管理良好，同意將波札納、納米比亞、南非和辛巴威族群列入附錄II 。1999年和2008年，這些國家的官方所有象牙登記庫存銷售權授予中國和日本。
現在，尚比亞提議將其大象族群從附錄I 轉到附錄II，以允許出售登記象牙庫存給CITES批准的買家以及部分特定非象牙貿易活動。
波札納、納米比亞、南非和辛巴威希望將已登記象牙庫存賣給CITES驗證的合作夥伴以及一些特定的非象牙貿易活動。他們建議透過修改註釋達成，雖然他們的象群列在附錄II，但目前不允許貿易。
為了客觀評估大象盜獵和象牙非法貿易的趨勢，CITES建立了非法殺害大象監測計畫（MIKE）和大象貿易資訊系統（ETIS）。這些平台的評估結果將作為締約方在大象保護和象牙貿易方面的決策依據。
最後一個象牙問題，也是CITES過去不曾遇過的問題，是以色列要求列出已滅絕物種清單。以國建議在附錄II中加入真猛獁象，以防止大象象牙被蓄意標成猛獁象牙來洗物種。
非洲象， 攝於辛巴威。（CC BY-NC-ND 2.0）
20個提案跟兩棲動物和爬行動物有關。這兩類物種深具異國魅力，在寵物貿易市場越來越受歡迎。
是否將CITES規則應用於高價值魚類和樹種貿易、如何最佳管理非洲象，以及如何處理象牙等仍有爭議。非法殺害犀牛和犀牛角相關貿易也是議程重點。
代表們也將決定是否應該豁免由公約納管樹木製成的珍貴木製樂器。
Mulanje雪松是馬拉威的國樹。因為其黃白色木材能抗真菌、昆蟲，不易腐爛，價值非常高，被非法伐木者過度採伐。馬拉威提案將Mulanje雪松列入附錄II清單。
北印度玫瑰木是COP18中唯一被提案從CITES附錄中刪除的物種。孟加拉國、不丹、印度和尼泊爾建議從附錄II 中刪除這種用於木材、家具、樂器和許多其他用途的樹，因為數量充足且可永續伐採。
生長在巴基斯坦的北印度玫瑰木， 攝（CC BY-SA 3.0）
各國代表將評估每份提案，並以協商方式通過，或在必要時透過表決通過。除了分析提案本身之外，政府代表也可諮詢正式受CITES邀請提出意見的組織。秘書處的任務是評估提案是否符合既有貿易和生物標準，並審查技術和科學因素。
今年5月，（IPBES Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services）證實，世界各地的物種和生態系正在迅速劣化。物種減少的主要因素之一是直接過度開發，包括非永續或非法狩獵、捕撈和伐木。
7月，世界自然保育聯盟（IUCN）受脅物種紅皮書的最新更新顯示，過度捕撈已使兩種魟魚瀕危，人為獵補和棲息地流失導致7種靈長類動物瀕危。
該次更新還揭露更多全球淡水魚類存續狀況危急的證據。日本和墨西哥自由流動的河流減少、棲息地劣化、污染和入侵種威脅著大量物種。
除了修訂CITES附錄的56項提案外，COP18議程還力求通過未來幾年的戰略，透過協議的解釋和條款的實施，提高公約的有效性。
會議上也將提出CITES2020後戰略願景文件供討論和批准。該願景草案期望「到2030年，野生動植物的所有國際貿易都要是合法和永續的，符合物種長期保育的目標，有助阻止生物多樣性流失。」
戰略願景還強調CITES在如何促進實現2030年永續發展目標。
CITES的成功跟堅實的法律基礎和有效的合規制度息息相關。如果有證據顯示締約方可能沒有完全履行公約規定的義務，CITES提供技術援助和協助能力建設，使該國遵守規定。
如有必要，CITES還可以採取合規措施，包括建議暫停所列物種的所有貿易，甚至包括所有CITES列出的物種。
非法的野生動物國際貿易威脅著許多野生動植物的生存，同時破壞了國家經濟和依賴永續利用野生動植物的人們的生計。組織犯罪集團越來越多，增加了執法調查的困難度，以及國家公園管理員等執法人員的危險。
會議上將討論與網路相關的野生動植物犯罪、法醫學的運用、貪污、西非和中非野生動植物犯罪的威脅評估報告，以及如何透過非法貿易資料的儲存和管理指引決策。
代表們也將關注CITES秘書處、國際刑警組織、聯合國毒品和犯罪問題辦公室、世界銀行和世界海關組織在「國際打擊野生動植物犯罪聯合會」主持下，提供締約方的能力建構和技術支援。
有些締約方認為，應審查非CITES所列物種的貿易，以評估CITES是否可以在管理此類貿易方面發揮作用。
COP18將討論若干目前未納入CITES附錄中的物種和分類群的貿易問題，相關物種包括鳴禽、兩棲動物、海洋觀賞魚，考氏鰭天竺鯛和乳香。公約進行中的關於玫瑰木、鰻魚、鯊魚和魟魚的工作則牽涉已列入和未列入名單的物種。
CITES列出的許多野生動植物物種現在也有人工繁殖以進行貿易，但此種貿易活動不得對野生物種的存活產生不利影響。會議也將審議非野生動植物貿易的廣泛問題。
除了因應這些持續存在的問題外，CITES締約方還創造了許多成功案例，主要是永續利用和保育野生動植物，使農村社區獲得收入或增加糧食安全的案例，像駱馬、尼羅河鱷魚和雪花蓮。
會議上也將討論各種能加強原住民、地方和農村社區參與CITES決策過程的機會，以及如何加強與其他生物多樣性相關公約的合作。
CITES to Update Wildlife Trade Rules for 550 Species GENEVA, Switzerland, August 13, 2019 (ENS)
The 183 countries that are Parties to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, CITES, will adopt decisions and resolutions to expand and strengthen the global wildlife trade regime at CITES’ upcoming triennial World Wildlife Conference. The 18th such meeting, informally known as COP18, will be held at Palexpo in Geneva from August 17 to 28.
Governments have submitted to change the levels of protection that CITES provides for species of wild animals and plants that are traded internationally.
In total, some 550 species may be affected by the proposed changes. They include the African elephant, the giraffe, a variety of lizards, geckos and newts, tortoises, sharks, sea cucumbers, Grandidier’s baobab and North Indian rosewood trees.
Many of these proposals seek to ensure that trade in at-risk species remains sustainable by requiring trade permits through a CITES Appendix II listing.
Others recommend banning all commercial trade in specimens of species threatened by extinction by listing them on Appendix I.
Still others aim to provide evidence that a population has stabilized or expanded and can be safely transferred from Appendix I to Appendix II.
CITES’ new Secretary-General, environmental economist of Panama, said, “CITES sets the rules for international trade in wild fauna and flora. It is a powerful tool for ensuring sustainability and responding to the rapid loss of biodiversity – often called the sixth extinction crisis – by preventing and reversing declines in wildlife populations.
“This year’s conference will focus on strengthening existing rules and standards while extending the benefits of the CITES regime to additional plants and animals threatened by human activity,” she said.
The big cats of Africa and Asia are under threat from a wide range of pressures, including poaching and illegal trade. COP18 delegates will consider establishing a CITES Big Cats Task Force to strengthen action on conserving these high-profile species in Asia. The conference also has agenda items on Africa’s cheetahs and lions and Latin America’s jaguars.
Populations of the giraffe have declined sharply over the past several decades due to habitat loss and other pressures. The Central African Republic, Chad, Kenya, Mali, Niger and Senegal propose that the giraffe be listed on Appendix II as a precautionary measure to help arrest the species’ ongoing decline.
The white rhinoceros has been heavily poached for its horn for many years. Although the population of southern white rhinos, Ceratotherium simum simum, in Eswatini (formerly known as Swaziland) is listed on Appendix II, an annotation currently prevents international trade in rhino horn. Eswatini proposes removing this annotation so that it can sell an existing stock of 330 kg of rhino horn and then 20 kg per year from non-lethal harvesting.
Namibia proposes transferring its population of southern white rhinos from Appendix I to II with an annotation solely for the sale of live animals and for hunting trophies, with all other specimens to remain on Appendix I.
COP18 will once again consider a number of elephant proposals. The African elephant was moved from CITES Appendix II to CITES Appendix I in 1989 after decades of ivory poaching had greatly reduced many populations. In 1997 and 2000, recognizing that some southern African elephant populations were healthy and well managed, CITES agreed to downlist the populations of Botswana, Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe to Appendix II. In 1999 and again in 2008, sales of registered stocks of government-owned ivory from these countries were authorized to China and Japan.
Now, Zambia proposes to downlist its elephant population from Appendix I to Appendix II to permit sales of registered ivory stocks to CITES-approved buyers as well as some specified non-ivory trade.
Botswana, Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe would like to enable trade in registered ivory stocks to CITES-verified partners as well as some specified non-ivory trade. They propose to do this by amending an annotation that, although their elephant populations are listed in Appendix II, currently disallows trade.
To provide objective assessments of trends in elephant poaching and illegal trade in ivory, CITES established the Monitoring of Illegal Killing of Elephants (MIKE) program and the Elephant Trade Information System (ETIS). Their results inform the decisions taken by Parties on elephant conservation and the ivory trade.
Finally on the ivory issue, and in a first for CITES, Proposal 13 calls for listing a long-extinct species. Israel proposes adding the woolly mammoth to Appendix II, citing the so-called “look-alike provision” aimed at preventing the “laundering” or mislabeling of elephant ivory as mammoth ivory.
Twenty of the listing proposals to be presented at COP18 are inspired by concern over the growing appetite of the exotic pet trade for charismatic amphibians and reptiles.
The trend towards applying CITES rules to trade in high-value fish and tree species continues, as do the debates over how best to manage the African elephant populations and what to do with their ivory tusks. Illegal killing of rhinos and the related trade in rhino horn is also high on the agenda.
Delegates also will decide whether musical instruments made of precious wood from trees regulated by the Convention should be exempted from CITES controls.
The Mulanje cedar is the national tree of Malawi. Because its yellow-white timber is highly resistant to fungal rot, insects and decay, it is highly valued. It has been overexploited by illegal loggers. Malawi proposes an Appendix II listing for this cedar.
The proposal on North Indian rosewood is the only one at COP18 recommending that a species be deleted from the CITES appendices. Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal propose removing this tree, which is used for timber, furniture, musical instruments and many other purposes, from Appendix II because it is abundant and sustainably harvested.
Governments will evaluate each listing proposal and decide to adopt it by consensus or, if necessary, by vote.
In addition to analyzing the proposals themselves, government representatives can consider the views of the that were formally invited to provide their comments as stakeholders.
The Secretariat itself is tasked with evaluating the proposals for whether they satisfy agreed trade and biological criteria, and reviewing technical and scientific factors.
In May, the confirmed that species and ecosystems around the world are in rapid decline. One of the main drivers of species decline is the direct overexploitation of living organisms, including unsustainable or illegal hunting, fishing and logging.
In July, the latest update of the maintained by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, IUCN, shows that overfishing has pushed two families of rays to the brink of extinction while hunting for bushmeat and habitat loss have led to the decline of seven primate species.
The update also reveals further evidence of the perilous state of freshwater fishes globally. This is shown by high numbers of species threatened by the loss of free-flowing rivers, habitat degradation, pollution and invasive species in Japan and Mexico.
In addition to the 56 proposals for amending the CITES Appendices, the COP18 agenda also seeks to adopt a strategy for the coming years and improve the effectiveness of the Convention through agreements on the interpretation and implementation of its provisions.
Along these lines, the CITES Strategic Vision Post-2020 document will be presented for discussion and adoption. The draft vision foresees that “By 2030, all international trade in wild fauna and flora is legal and sustainable, consistent with the long-term conservation of species, and thereby contributing to halting biodiversity loss.”
The Strategic Vision also highlights CITES’ role in contributing to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
The success of CITES is based in good part on having a solid legal basis and an effective compliance regime. When there is evidence that a Party may not be fully complying with their obligations under the Convention, CITES provides technical assistance and capacity building to bring the country back into compliance.
If necessary, CITES can also adopt compliance measures which may include a recommendation to suspend all trade in a listed species or even in all CITES-listed species.
Illegal international trade in wildlife threatens the survival of many wild animals and plants while undermining national economies and the livelihoods of people who rely on the sustainable use of wildlife. The growing involvement of organized crime groups is increasing the complexity of enforcement investigations and the risks faced by enforcement officers such as park rangers.
Among other issues, the conference will address wildlife crime linked to the Internet, the use of forensic applications, corruption, a threat assessment report on wildlife crime in West and Central Africa, and the storage and management of data on illegal trade used to inform decision-making.
Delegates will also focus on capacity building and technical support provided to Parties by the CITES Secretariat, Interpol, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the World Bank and the World Customs Organization under the auspices of the International Consortium on Combating Wildlife Crime.
Some Parties are of the view that trade in non-CITES-listed species should be examined to assess if CITES could play a role in managing such trade.
COP18 will discuss several documents that describe trade-related concerns for species and taxa currently not included in the CITES Appendices. These involve songbirds, amphibians, marine ornamental fish, Bangai cardinal fish and frankincense. The ongoing work under the Convention on rosewoods, eels as well as sharks and rays touches both on listed and non-listed species.
Many “wild” animal and plant species listed under CITES are now bred in captivity or cultivated for trade, but such trade must not be detrimental to the survival of a species in the wild. The conference will consider the broad issue of trade in animal and plant specimens from non-wild sources.
In addition to tackling these ongoing challenges, CITES Parties have generated many success stories. These often involve enabling rural communities to develop income or increase food security through the sustainable use and conservation of wild animals and plants. Examples include the vicuña, the Nile crocodile and the snowdrop flower.
The conference will also consider opportunities to enhance the role of indigenous, local and rural communities in CITES decision-making processes and how to further strengthen collaboration with other biodiversity-related conventions.
※ 全文及圖片詳見：
※ 本文與 行政院農業委員會 林務局 合作刊登
如果有一件事是重要的，如果能為孩子實現一個願望，那就是人類與大自然和諧共存。
於特有生物研究保育中心服務，小鳥和棲地是主要的研究對象。是龜毛的讀者，認為龜毛是探索世界的美德。
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摘錄自2019年8月20日聯合報報導
西班牙度假勝地大加納利島今天（20日）野火肆虐，無法控制，迫使許多人撤離，還有100人受困文化中心。因火勢極猛烈，消防灑水機也無法靠近，此次災難被稱作「環境悲劇」。
緊急救難機構發言人說，這是大加納利島（GranCanaria）中部山區十天來第三起野火，迫使幾個村莊的居民撤離。這些村莊共有約9000居民。目前還未傳出有任何人死亡。目前觀光業並未受到影響。
緊急救難機構表示，為對抗這場野火，共投入消防人員與其他救災人員約1000人，另外出動14架消防飛機和直升機來控制火勢，估計野火已摧毀1萬公頃林地。消防人員說，高溫、強風和乾燥的天氣都助長了火勢。
大加納利島緊急救難機構負責人葛瑞尤（FedericoGrillo）昨天（19日）說，聯合國教科文組織（UNESCO）所定生物保留區的部分區域火勢非常猛烈，「已經超過我們滅火的能力」。
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摘錄自2019年8月21日聯合報、風傳媒報導
台灣大學、中興大學、陽明大學、國衛院與台灣癌症登記中心合作，研究逾37萬名肺癌患者的資料發現，自1995年至2015年，我國肺腺癌的發生率持續攀升，非腺癌則走低；男性肺腺癌發生率自十萬分之9.06增至23.25，女性則自十萬分之7.05增至24.22，致癌元凶不只是菸，高達五成三的肺癌患者從未吸菸，研究團隊懷疑是空污所致。
研究顯示，近半世紀，南台灣空氣品質隨石化工業等各種發展逐漸惡化，南部與北部的空氣品質走勢出現黃金交叉後不到20年，南北的肺腺癌發生率走勢也出現交叉。近年高屏地區的肺腺癌年增加率是北部的15倍以上，且患者餘命較短。
這份研究刊登於國際期刊「胸腔腫瘤」（Journal of Thoracic Oncology），本研究的第一作者、台北醫學大學內科學系助理教授曾健華說，這項研究不僅顯示空污可能是不吸菸者罹患肺癌的關鍵因子，更突顯我國長期空污產生的外部成本已浮現。
台灣肺癌學會理事長陳育民認為，政府當務之急是立即解決空氣污染，就像過去治療因菸害造成的肺癌，是倡導戒菸，面對空污肺癌，就需要「戒空污」；台北榮總腫瘤醫學部顧問醫師蔡俊明也呼籲，政府啟動大型流行病學調查，與各大醫學中心，釐清空污來源，否則難以自保。
針對儘速找出空污源，陳育民也非認同，指出造成南北肺癌發生率有如此大差距的是哪種有害物質，有待釐清，他進一步解釋，不同空污致癌機轉都不同，如台灣北部空污源多是交通工具，空污種類以二氧化氮為主，南部工業多，空污種類除二氧化氮、還有二氧化硫、重金屬，但即使在報告書中，兩個地區PM2.5濃度一樣高，但成分卻可能不一樣。
環保署空氣品質保護及噪音管制處長蔡孟裕今天說，同篇研究報告指出，北部肺線癌發生率從93至98年8.6%、下降至98年至104年的0.3%，改善率為96.5%；南部93年至96年18.1%，下降至96年至104年4.6%，改善率為74.58%。
蔡孟裕強調，數字顯示的是目前北部改善的程度比南部來得高，這是事實，雖然年分的比較基期不同，但醫療的品質、環境改善都是持續改變，不是一蹴可幾；單就數字下判斷「可能有點太果斷」。
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摘錄自2019年8月27日自由時報報導
南太平洋島國東加附近的海底火山本月初噴發，火山噴發時所生成的大量「浮石」漂浮海面，組成面積約150平方公里（相當於兩萬座足球場大小）的「浮石筏」（pumice raft）。這片「浮石筏」現正朝著澳洲移動，預估未來七至12個月內，將相繼抵達澳洲海岸，為大堡礁帶來包括藤壺、珊瑚、螃蟹等數以百萬計的海洋生物，協助重建大堡礁生態。
火成岩「浮石」因能在水面上漂浮而得名，它由岩漿急速冷凝而成，比重小，岩體呈多孔狀，氣孔體積幾乎能占總體積的70%以上。由於浮石上有許多孔洞，可供海洋生物在其中生長，「浮石筏」就像海洋生物的特快車，可為出現白化現象的珊瑚礁帶來健康的珊瑚。
美國國家航太總署本月9日率先透過衛星影像，觀測到南太平洋「浮石筏」的蹤跡。其後，一對澳洲夫婦侯特和布瑞爾16日在斐濟周遭海域巧遇「浮石筏」，並將這段經歷公開在社群媒體上，引發熱議。
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摘錄自2019年8月28日新華社呼和浩特報導
中國內蒙古自治區近日發佈《內蒙古自治區民用建築節能和綠色建築發展條例》，將於今（2019）年9月1日正式施行。條例將建築面積5萬平方公尺以上的居住小區列入綠色建築執行範圍，基本涵蓋了全區大部分居住小區開發項目，綠色建築項目將享受稅費優惠、獎勵加分等扶持政策。
內蒙古自治區住房和城鄉建設廳建築節能與科技處處長戴軍瑞介紹，內蒙古綠色建築正實現由單體向規模化發展。截至2018年底，全區在建和竣工綠色建築2,681項、3,448萬平方公尺，其中70個項目、801萬平方公尺取得了綠色建築評價標識，涵蓋居住建築、公共建築。
內蒙古規定，旗縣級以上人民政府在編製城市、鎮詳細規劃時，應考慮建築節能相關技術應用、綠色建築和裝配式建築發展。政府投資新建的公共建築和既有大型公共建築實施節能改造時，應當選擇應用一種以上可再生能源；新建12層以下的居住建築和醫院、學校、賓館等公共建築，應當配置太陽能系統。
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